Railways have long served as a cornerstone of transportation, efficiently moving goods and people across vast distances. However, as these systems become increasingly digital and interconnected, their security has never been more critical. Why railways need strong cybersecurity The railway infrastructure is vast, with trains and mobile assets constantly moving across extensive networks. The industry’s focus on safety, coupled with the extended lifecycle of its equipment, requires robust, long-lasting security solutions. Additionally, the sector’s diverse supply chain and multiple operators need interoperable security measures for seamless protection. As railways integrate more digital systems to enhance efficiency, they become targets for sophisticated cyberattacks and terrorism. These systems often operate in harsh conditions, demanding ruggedized security hardware. The use of specialized communication protocols like GSM-R further sets railway security apart from standard OT/IoT environments. Challenges on the tracks Many railway control systems are decades old and lack built-in security features, making patching difficult. These systems often involve multiple stakeholders with varying security practices, leading to inconsistencies and vulnerabilities. Meanwhile, cybercriminals are evolving their tactics, targeting everything from ticketing systems to critical control networks. The increasing integration of IT networks with critical OT systems, such as those that control trains and signals, introduces new vulnerabilities that must be managed. Real-world examples of cyberattacks Neglecting cybersecurity in the railway sector can disrupt services, endanger lives, and cause widespread chaos. In 2020, railways in the US, UK, and Israel were the victims of cyberattacks. So far this year, the numbers have been alarming. RailWorks Corp was a victim of ransomware in January, halting operations. In March, a breach at C3UK compromised wi-fi networks at railway stations, exposing passenger details. In July, Israel’s rail infrastructure was attacked, raising concerns about potential large-scale train collisions. In 2021, Northern Rail in the UK faced a ransomware attack, disabling ticket machines. In 2022, Belarusian railways were targeted, crippling automated systems. In 2023, incidents in Poland brought 20 trains to a standstill, underscoring the persistent and evolving nature of cyber threats in the railway sector. Railway attacks: The far-reaching implications Railways prioritize safety but cyberattacks can undermine this foundation. Breaches in critical systems like signaling networks may cause collisions and derailments. Train services stop, ticketing systems crash, and communication networks fail, creating chaos for commuters. As a strategic part of national infrastructure, cyberattacks on railways have far-reaching implications for national security, destabilizing entire regions. A 6-step strategy for a secure journey From a cybersecurity perspective, it is crucial to implement a multi-layered defense strategy. This includes regular security assessments, continuous monitoring, and the deployment of advanced threat detection systems. Additionally, establishing a robust incident response plan and conducting regular training for all stakeholders can help mitigate risks. Ensuring all software and hardware components are up-to-date and implementing strict access controls are essential steps in safeguarding these critical systems. Cybersecurity in railways is not just about technology; it is about creating a culture of vigilance and resilience. Here is how railway organizations can build a robust cybersecurity posture: Segmentation: Isolate critical OT systems from the internet and untrusted networks, thereby reducing the chance of cyber intruders. Access control: Implement strict access controls to ensure only authorized personnel can interact with sensitive systems. Patch management: Regularly patch systems, prioritizing critical vulnerabilities while minimizing disruption to operations. Threat detection and monitoring: Employ robust intrusion detection and vulnerability scanning systems to spot and address threats proactively. Incident response planning: Develop incident response plans for a coordinated and effective reaction to cybersecurity incidents. Staff training: Educate employees on cyber hygiene practices like strong password management and phishing awareness, empowering them to protect both themselves and the organization. Solutions for a smooth ride: Leveraging technology for railway security In today’s digital age, technology plays a crucial role in safeguarding railways. Here are some tools that can ensure security in this sector: Network segmentation firewalls: These tools isolate critical networks and minimize the attack surface. Cybersecurity assessments: Regular assessments identify vulnerabilities and inform mitigation strategies. Intrusion detection systems: Monitor network traffic and detect malicious activity in real-time. Encryption: Encrypt sensitive data to protect it from unauthorized access. Identity and access management (IAM): Implement strong access controls with multi-factor authentication to keep unauthorized users out. Navigating the regulatory landscape For railway organizations, keeping up with regulations is essential for security and trust. Here is what they need to navigate: NIS Directive (EU): In the EU, the NIS Directive compels railway operators to bolster cybersecurity so that essential services remain resilient against disruptions. The directive mandates robust measures and imposes fines of up to 2% of an organization’s turnover for non-compliance, leading to legal, financial, and reputational damage. CISA Critical Infrastructure Security Plans (US): In the United States, railways are part of the nation’s critical infrastructure. Compliance with CISA’s security plans is crucial for protecting against threats that could impact national security. National regulations: Beyond international directives, railway organizations must also adhere to national regulations set by their respective governments, tailoring their security strategies to address specific local threats and operational needs. Staying on track with Cybersecurity As railways evolve into more connected and complex systems, robust cybersecurity measures are more critical than ever before. The threats are real, and the consequences of neglecting security can be devastating — from operational disruptions to threats to national security. But by embracing a proactive approach, i.e. leveraging advanced technologies, staying compliant with regulations, and fostering a culture of security, railway organizations can navigate these challenges with confidence. Protecting the tracks of the future starts with the steps we take today. With the right strategies in place, we can ensure a safe and smooth ride for everyone. We, at Eviden, are committed to advancing railway security and are excited to discuss our latest solutions and insights. Join us at InnoTrans 2024, the world’s leading trade fair for transport technology, from September 24 to 27 in Berlin. We look forward to engaging with industry experts and stakeholders to explore innovative approaches to securing railway systems. Connect with us at cosmin-alin.cocosila@eviden.com or gabriela.petrescu@eviden.com and let’s collaborate to build a safer future for rail transport.